Saturday, 18 June 2016

Political Language

UK Parliament
Parliament represents the publics interests and makes sure they are taken into account by the Government. Parliament has to agree before the government can make new laws or raise taxes.
Parliament is made up of people we have elected and people who have been appointed.
They sit in two separate Houses:
  • The House of Commons, where all the people we have elected at the General Election work, as MPs, for the next five years. This includes people in other political parties, as well as those in the winning party who were not chosen to be ministers.
  • The House of Lords, whose members are mostly appointed for life rather than elected. They have often been chosen because of their achievements and experience. Many do not belong to a political party.
Government ministers also have seats in Parliament but most of their work is done in Government departments

Parliament’s job is to look closely at the Government’s plans and to monitor the way they are running things.
Parliament works on our behalf to try to make sure that Government decisions are:
  • open and transparent
  • workable and efficient
  • fair and non-discriminatory
Members of both Houses of Parliament can speak up for us if a government department or agency treats us unfairly.
Government ministers are required to come to Parliament regularly to answer questions, respond to issues raised in debates and keep both Houses informed of any important decisions they take. In this way, Parliament can hold the Government to account for its actions.


Parliamentary Language
Examples of language followed within Parliament:
Absolute majority - more than half the total votes of all those eligible to vote
Bill a proposal for a new law which has been presented to Parliament
Budget a plan placed before Parliament each year showing what money the government expects to receive (revenue) and how the government wants to spend it (expenditure)
Constitution - the set of basic rules by which a country is governed
Referendum a vote by all voters on a proposed law to alter the Constitution
Seat - a place for a member in a house of Parliament
Westminster system a system of government originating in Britain, the main features of which are a head of state who is not the head of government, and an executive which is drawn from and directly responsible to the Parliament. The word 'Westminster' is the name of the building in which the British Parliament is housed


Unparliamentary Language
Certain rules and standards are set within parliament, meaning there are words and phrases which are deemed inappropriate as they break the rules of politeness in the House of Common Chamber. This includes dishonesty and profanity, as well as suggesting another member is dishonourable.
The Speaker will tell an MP who has used unparliamentary language to withdraw it. Refusal to withdraw a comment may lead to an MP being disciplined for example the Speaker could 'name' the member.

Words which have previously seen objection include:
  • blackguard
  • coward
  • git 
  • guttersnipe
  • hooligan
  • rat
  • swine
  • stoolpigeon
  • traitor

Thursday, 28 April 2016

Article viewpoint

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs/magazine_monitor

The overall view within the article is that 'toxic' has now changed from simply being a word to describe a substance being 'posinous', to being a word which can now describe a person, group or object as being dangerous, destructive and virulent as adapted by people over time who wanted words associated to poison.

Thursday, 14 April 2016

Occupational Language

Police

Jargon is a form of shorthand language that is appropriate only to certain members of a particular group, and meaningless outside of context.

Police jargon is the specialised language used within the line of police duty, law enforcement and criminal justice which follows a long line of abbreviations, acronyms, codes and slang. This provides a sufficient method for people within the profession to communicate with one another, creating a discourse community whereby only people within the field understand the language spoken.  The subject specific lexis (which creates a semantic field) puts the speaker in a position of positional power, creating authority however excluding people outside of the discourse community.

Examples of jargon used by the police:
Suspect - suspects are the people that the police are looking at for a crime. Other names for suspect might include defendants, arrestees, or persons of interest.

10-4 - even little kids playing cops and robbers know what this means. It means, "OK" or "Got it". However, the codes have changed a bit to be more clear due to most, if not all, police officers talking over radios now.

P.O.V. - Personally Owned Vehicle (versus patrol car, etc.) is all this means

Code Eight - serious situation where an officer is requesting help immediately. If you're a police officer on duty, you drop everything and go right away. 

Taking a code 7 - this simply means you're on lunch break

Code Eleven - you're on the scene

Assumed room temperature - an individual has died

Examples of business jargon used by the police:
FTP - "Failure To Pay" means a fine wasn't paid in accordance to the law. This bit of police jargon also applies to businesses when, for example, a customer hasn't paid for the service rendered or product delivered.

NFA - "No Further Action" - this one is pretty self-explanatory. In the business world it could mean that a client is satisfied or a complaint has been resolved.

WOFF - "Write off" - in police jargon, it means property has been written off for insurance purposes, the same that's often done in business.

House Mouse - this refers to a police officer that rarely leaves the building for one reason or another. A house mouse in the business world might refer to someone who is always on site to help the associates in the field (contact person).


Monday, 29 February 2016

Self Evaluation - Accent and Dialect

In my most recent assessment essay on accent and dialect, I found out that although my AO2 was strong, I still need to further support my analysis. My AO1 was the weakest and therefore in order to improve I must use more language levels within my next essay.

In order to improve my essay, I need to start developing both my arguement and judgement with the use of my personal opinion. I must also being to use theory and data to prove my point, rather than just describing the theory.

My own personal target is to ensure a further use of language levels to make my writing stronger.

Friday, 5 February 2016

Oxford English Dictionary

Bachelor
The earliest trace of the word is in 1297, when it's original meaning 'A young knight, not old enough, or having too few vassals, to display his own banner, and who therefore followed the banner of another; a novice in arms.'. There is evidence of spelling change too, 'bacheler' and 'bachelere' to point out a few, which may indicate possible change in pronunciation.

We can also see that the word has developed meanings through time. Another meaning refers to 'One who has taken the first or lowest degree at a university, who is not yet a master of the Arts' whilst the more modern meaning of the word relates to the definition'
An unmarried man (of marriageable age)'.

This proves there has been an extension in the word. We may expand one of the more modern meanings to relate a bachelor to an attractive un-married male who has a lot of female interest and has a 'bachelor pad' in the city where he invites females.



Slag
The top definition of the word is A piece of refuse matter separated from a metal in the process of smelting and this was seen from 1552. However as we move into modern times, the meaning of the world evolves and we see the definition of what we would more commonly use the word slag for 'A prostitute or promiscuous woman; a slattern'.


Stud
Defined as A man of (reputedly) great sexual potency or accomplishments; a womanizer, a habitual seducer of women. In weakened uses: as a familiar term of address among men; a boy-friend or escort. This definition has been particularly common 1960, stemmed from c1000 when the word related to   An establishment in which stallions and mares are kept for breeding. Also, the stallions and mares kept in such an establishment, and its etymology is Old English.

Thursday, 28 January 2016

Norman Fairclough - Theorist

Norman Fairclough
  • Many interactions are 'unequal encounters'
  • Language choice is constrained by certain social power situations or power types
  • Adverts are ideologies
  • advertising builds a relationship between producer and receiver by constructing a 'product image' that in turn, helps to position the receiver as a potential 'consumer'                     *synthetic personalisation - building relations between producer & receiver through personalisation


'Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.'


Main tenets of CDA:
1. CDA addresses social problems


2. Power relations are discursive


3. Discourse constitutes society and culture


4. Discourse does ideological work


5. Discourse is historical


6. The link between text and society is mediated


7. Discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory


8. Discourse is a form of social action.




Saturday, 2 January 2016

To what extent do you agree that the status of Standard English has changed since the turn of the century? Use evidence from your research

I agree that the status of Standard English has changed since the turn of the century. This is because of the multi-cultural societies that we live in and also due to technological advancements. However, I only agree to a small extent and believe that the status of Standard English still remains powerful. 

From my own primary research I have found out that 90% of students believe that Standard English is changing. Many reasons given for this change rely on the fact that we use cultural and regional differences in our speech. The supports the fact that 85% of these students believe English language is being mixed with other cultures. From this research, we can see that the use of Standard English is evolving.

In a recent survey, 100% of students agreed that in a form between strongly agree and somewhat, the Queens English is the proper and correct English Language. This statistic displays that students who have all come from a relative English background somewhat believe the language spoken by the Queen is prestigious over any other language forms. Therefore, this illustrates that yes the status of Standard English is changing as not everyone strongly agreed, however every person agreed to an extent, showing the Queens English has a social hierarchy. 

One idea that supports the concept that the status of Standard English is changing are the mixed results of the question ‘’Is language used by black people non-standard’’. From the 40% of students that agreed with the statement, we can see that a high opinion is the fact people from other cultural backgrounds that are not fully British use non-standard vocabulary as ‘they cut words and sometimes miss-pronounce’, also saying that ‘they don’t speak in a form of Standard English because they didn’t originate from the UK’. However 15% of students answered no to the statement, suggesting that black people use the same language and everybody else. Opinions included that ‘white people are picking up on the language as well’ and that ‘black people born and raised in England are likely to speak Standard English’. These research results show that the status of Standard English has not changed since the turn of the century as the higher majority of people agreed that language used by black people is non-standard showing that Standard English has a prestige over other, though there is evidence of a small mixed opinion arguing against as Standard English is developing. 

Different social classes stereotypically have different attitudes. It is a stereotype that people of the middle class or above look down to those that choose not to use Receive Pronunciation and instead depend on slang and ‘new’ words. This is another explanation as to why English Language still holds it’s status. This means that people automatically make assertions and generalisations based on minimal research resulting in quick conclusion jumping without looking at the bigger picture or in depth reasoning.  This means that people who consider themselves of a British ethnicity and use Standard English may look down upon those who do not as they see themselves to be prestige and proper and therefore allowing Standard English to hold onto it’s high status. 

In the 21st century we live in a world that is constantly advancing due to technological improvements. Methods of communication have evolved since the invention of
smartphones and increased usage of social media sites. Through the use of phonetic representation, we have developed our own text language tailored to the immediacy and compactness of new communication media. Emojis also provide an exciting insight into an outlook as to how Standard English will continue to develop, providing a language people can understand without the means to use words. Therefore, the status of Standard English has changed due to technological advancements since the turn of the century because we have to keep up to date with current changes. This means that people will drop the use of standard language and result in the new text language and so making a prestige to Standard English when it is used.  

Peter Trudgill produced a theory whereby women use more received pronunciations and men more non-standard forms. This means that within speech, it is typical that females tend to use more formal language when engaged in conversation, supporting each other within a conversation and follow Standard English forms. Males however choose to rely on slang terms when talking amongst each other, talking over one another and relying on new forms of speech in order to communicate. From this we can see that the status of Standard English has changed because men choose to ignore traditional language forms and move on to using slang and new words, resulting in a loss of status due to it’s fall in use. However, due to the fact women are typically said to use more received pronunciations, Standard English manages to keep hold of a form of it’s status as it is still in use. 

Since the turn of the century the status of Standard English have changed. People have to conform to the advancements in a technologically evolving world, as well as keeping up with the changes to developments of language. Through the use of smartphones and social media, we have produced new languages through short-cut terms and the use of symbols. By living in a multi-cultural country, we socialise with people from different language backgrounds bringing an evolvement to the English language, creating slang terms, different accents and changes to current words. However it is arguable that through the use of new language, Standard English manages to gain a hierarchy, to be seen as the correct a proper way to speak, a language such used in a formal situation. Therefore, the use of Standard English has decreased but this allows it to keep a high status over other English language forms.